Biomass is one kind of renewable useful resource that can be transformed into liquid fuels referred to as biofuels for transportation. Biofuels include cellulosic ethanol, biodiesel, and renewable hydrocarbon "drop-in" fuels. The two most commonly used biofuels today are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels can be used in airplanes and most vehicles that are on the road. First generation biofuels are processed from the sugars and vegetable oils found in arable crops, which can be smoothly extracted applying traditional technology. In comparison, advanced biofuels are made from lignocellulose biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste, which makes it tougher to extract the vital fuel. Advanced biofuel technologies have been invented because first generation biofuels manufacture has major boundaries and limitations. First generation biofuel processes are suitable but restrained in most cases: there is a limit above which they cannot produce enough biofuel without forbidding food supplies and biodiversity. Many first generation biofuels rely on aids and are not cost competitive with usual fossil fuels such as oil, and some of them produce only limited greenhouse gas emissions savings. When considering emissions from transport and production, life-cycle assessment from first generation biofuels usually approach those of traditional fossil fuels. Advanced biofuels can aid resolving these complications and can impart a greater proportion of global fuel supply affordably, sustainably and with larger environmental interests.
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Fast pyrolysis process
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Thermochemical & Biochemical Routes
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Synthesis of advanced biofuels
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Lignocellulose Biomass
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Development of bioenergy technology
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Scope of Second & Third generation of Biofuels
Renewable Energy is defined as any energy resource’s that can be naturally renew or regenerated over a short time and which is directly derived from the sun (solar energy), indirectly from sun such as wind energy, hydropower energy, bioenergy or from other mechanisms of natural resources (geothermal energy, tidal energy). Renewable energy is generated from natural processes that are continuously recycled. This includes sunlight, heat, wind energy, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be depleted and is constantly renewed.
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Technologies in Bioenergy
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Bioenergy - Advances & Applications
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Bioenergy Conversion
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Bioenergy feedstock
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Bioenergy systems
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Bio-chemical conversion
Biogas commonly refers to a mixture of various gases formed by the disintegration of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be manufactured from raw matters such as agricultural waste, municipal waste, manure, plant material, green waste, and sewage or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source and in diverse cases exerts a limited carbon footprint. Biogas can be manufactured by fermentation of biodegradable materials or anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms, which disintegrates material inside an isolated system. Biogas is basically methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small traces of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), silicones and moisture. The gases methane, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy yield allows biogas to be benefitted as a fuel; it can be utilized for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be practiced in a gas engine to transform the energy in the gas to electricity and heat.
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Biogas from algae
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Biogas technologies
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Biogas from agricultural waste
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New & possible substrates for biogas production
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Anaerobic packed-bed biogas reactors
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Biogas from breeding farms
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Large scale biogas production & challenges
Algae fuel or algal biofuel is a substitute to liquid fossil fuels that utilizes algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are a substitute to common known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. Various companies and government agencies are sponsoring efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially feasible. Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO2 recently withdrawn from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. The energy crisis and the world food crisis have sparked interest in alga culture (farming algae) for making biodiesel and other biofuels utilizing land unbefitting for agriculture. Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics are that they can be cultivated with negligible impact on fresh water resources, can be generated using saline and wastewater, have a high flash point, and are biodegradable and comparatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae cost more per unit mass than other advanced biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs, but are declared to generate between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area.
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Culturing Algae
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Harvesting and oil extraction systems
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Cyanobacteria biofuels production
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Commercialization of algae biofuels
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Wastewater based algae biofuels production
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Advances in algal biofuel production
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Biofuels from microalgae and Microbes
Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement that is reducing U.S. dependence on foreign petroleum, creating jobs and improving the environment. Made from a diverse mix of feed stocks including recycled cooking oil, soybean oil, and animal fats, it is the first and only EPA-designated Advanced Biofuel in commercial-scale production across the country and the first to reach 1 billion gallons of annual production. Meeting strict technical fuel quality and engine performance specifications, it can be used in existing diesel engines without modification and is covered by all major engine manufacturers’ warranties, most often in blends of up to 5 percent or 20 percent biodiesel. It is produced at plants in nearly every state in the country.Advances in biodiesel process
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Crops for biodiesel production
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Biodiesel as Automobile fuel
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Advances in Biodiesel technology
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Enzymatic biodiesel production
Biomass is an organic material that is used to produce fuel, used as an energy source in power stations for generating electricity. Materials that make up biomass fuels are forest debris, scrap lumber, certain crops, manure and waste residues. Biomass can be obtained by two ways-directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. Industrial biomass can be cultivated from different types of plants including miscanthus, switchgrass, willow, poplar, bamboo, sorghum, sugarcane, corn, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil).
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Conversion technologies
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Biomass and electricity
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Industrial waste biomass
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Sustainable feedstock development
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Perennial biomass feed stocks
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Integrated biomass technologies
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Recent developments in sustainable biomass
Biomass is the organic matter derived from plants which is generated through photosynthesis. In particular it can be referred to solar energy stored in the chemical bonds of the organic material. In addition to many benefits common to renewable energy, biomass is attractive because it is current renewable source of liquid transportation of biofuel. The Bioenergy Conference and Biofuel Conferences will optimize and enhance existing systems. However, biomass could play in responding to the nation's energy demands assuming, the economic and advances in conversion technologies will make biomass fuels and products more economically viable? The renewable energy policies in the European Union have already led to a significant progress, energy mix should further change till 2020.
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Biomass Resources for Bioenergy
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Agricultural residues
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Forestry materials
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Energy crops
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Solid biomass
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Bioelectricity
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Sewage biomass
The daunting energy challenges in the 21st century are a result of over-reliance on limited fossil fuels coupled with ever-increasing energy demand. Among the solutions is the development of technologies and infrastructures to help in the smooth transition to alternative and renewable energy sources. Nanotechnology, amalgamation of chemistry and engineering, is viewed as the new candidate for clean energy applications. It involves the manipulation of nanoscale structures to integrate them into larger material components and systems. In comparison to bulk materials, nanomaterials have high surface areas and are expected to exhibit higher activities. As these technologies become more mature, efficient, and economical, they could eventually replace traditional fossil fuels.
Green chemistry is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the creating and designing of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. It still maintains economic growth and opportunities while providing affordable products and services to a growing world population.
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Synthetic techniques
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Bio Succinic acid
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Bio-resources
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Environmental science and sustainable chemistry
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Sustainable energy
The principle fuel used as a petroleum substitute is bioethanol. Bioethanol is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process, although it can also be produced by the chemical process of reacting ethylene with steam. The main source of sugar required to produce ethanol comes from fuel or energy crops. These fuel crops are normally grown specifically for energy use and include maize, corn and wheat crops, waste straw, willow, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses, Jerusalem artichoke, Myscanthus and sorghum plants. Bioethanol produces only carbon dioxide and water as the waster products on burning, and the carbon dioxide released during fermentation and combustion equals the amount removed from the atmosphere while the crop is growing This fuel is not suitable for use in all cars and you should check compatibility with your vehicle manufacturer before using it. Researchers have recently launched a proposal to cultivate massive amounts of seaweed or algae. They laims that the project could occupy about ten thousand kilometers of seaweed farm and they estimated that the farm would be able to produce bioethanol from algae, as much as 20 million kiloliters or 5.3 billion gallons of bioethanol per year.
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Ethanol
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Bioethanol production
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Cellulosic ethanol
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Bioalcohols as automobile fuel
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Bioethanol production from waste vegetables
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Bioalcohols from algae
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Bioalcohals from plant matter
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Generations of bioalcohols & scope of advancement
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Scale up on industrial level
Biohydrogen is described as hydrogen produced biologically, most often by algae, bacteria and archaea. Biohydrogen is a potential biofuel attainable from both cultivation and from waste organic materials. Recently, there is a huge demand for hydrogen. Environmental regulations administered in most countries, increase the hydrogen demand at refineries for gas-line and diesel desulfurization. A significant future aspect of hydrogen could be as a replacement for fossil fuels, once the oil deposits are exhausted. This application is however dependent on the advancement of storage techniques to enable proper storage, distribution and combustion of hydrogen. Industrial fermentation of hydrogen, or whole-cell catalysis, requires a finite amount of energy, since fission of water is accomplished with whole cell catalysis, to reduce the activation energy. This permits hydrogen to be manufactured from any organic matter that can be copied through whole cell catalysis as this process does not rely on the energy of substrate.
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Algal biohydrogen
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Bacterial biohydrogen
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Fermentative biohydrogen production
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High-yield biohydrogen production
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Enhancing biohydrogen production
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Biohydrogen purification
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Production of Hyderogen by Photosynthetic organisms
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Emergency of the hyderogen economy
Biorefining is the efficient processing of biomass into a wide range of marketable products and energy. By means of co-producing relatively (high) value chemicals (e.g. fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers) the production costs of secondary energy carriers potentially could become market competitors, especially when biorefining is integrated into the existing chemical, material and power industries. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the novel route to the creation of a new domestic bio based industry. By producing multiple products; a biorefinery can take advantage of the differences in biomass components and intermediates and maximize the value derived from the biomass feedstock.
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Types of biorefineries
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Biorefining systems
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Biorefining scheme from algal and bacterial protein sources
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Integrated biorefinery
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Risk management issues
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Bio oil production
Some propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils such as Camelina, Jatropha or seashore mallow which can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops will not grow, or would produce only low yields. Others argue that the problem is more fundamental. Farmers may switch from producing food crops to producing biofuel crops to make more money, even if the new crops are not edible. The law of supply and demand predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise. It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing, but increasing demand for first generation biofuels is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food.
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Biofuels impact on food security
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Non-food crops for biofuels production
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Agricultural modernization and its impact on society
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Food, fuel and freeways
Aviation biofuel is a biofuel used for aircraft. Some consider it to be the primary means by which the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint. After a multi-year technical review from aircraft makers, engine manufacturers and oil companies, biofuel was approved for commercial use in July 2011. Since then, some airlines have experimented using biofuels on commercial flights. The focus of the industry has now turned to second generation sustainable biofuels that do not compete with food supplies. “Drop-in" biofuels are biofuels that are completely interchangeable with conventional fuels. Deriving "drop-in" jet fuel from bio-based sources is approved via two routes.
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Applications of aviation biofuels
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Jet biofuel
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Commercialization of aviation biofuels
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Green replacement fuels in flights
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Synthesis of aviation biofuel via Fischer-Tropsch process
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Risk analysis of aviation fuels
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Developing of new sources for aviation biofuels
Currently used liquids biofuels, which include ethanol produced from crops containing sugar and starch and biodiesel from oilseed, are referred to as first generation biofuels. These fuels only use a portion of the energy potentially available in the biomass. Various techniques are currently being developed to produce biofuels. However, it is uncertain when such technologies will enter production on a significant commercial from Biomass and Biogas from Biomass.
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Production of Biofuels from Biomass
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Production of Biodiesel from Biomass
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Production of Biochemical from Biomass
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Production of Biogas from Biomass
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Energy balance of biofuel production
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Advances in biofuel production
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Syngas from Biomass
One of the major reasons for showing interest towards biofuels is to minimize the greenhouse gas and carbonyl emissions and to mitigate the climate change caused by fossil fuels. The greenhouse gases may be emitted by change of cropland use because of increased biofuels production from one crop to another. In some cases more carbon is generated by converting a land that is used for growing biofuels feedstock to forest than the biofuels Production itself. Biofuels also have a vital impact on the biodiversity and the water resources.
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Earth science and Ecology
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Environmental Chemistry
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Environmental Engineering
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Bio -Assessment and Toxicology
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Biodiversity and its Conversation
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Civil and Environmental Engineering
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Environmental Geology
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Social issues and the Environment
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Environmental pollution
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Restoration Ecology
A biofuel is a gas, liquid, or solid from natural sources such as plants that is used as a fuel. It is derived from renewable biological sources, as plants or animal waste; especially a liquid fuel for automotive engines made from corn or soybean oil. Biofuels may be derived from agricultural crops, forestry, agricultural or fishery products or municipal wastes, also from agro-industry, food industry and food service by-products and wastes. Biofuels are generally used in transportation, energy generation, charging electronics, cooking, lubrication and cleaning oil spills & grease.
The bio fuels market size is projected to reach USD 230.5 billion by 2025, with a CAGR of 5.10% from 2019 to 2025. The major factors driving the growth of the global bio fuels market include potential to reduce emissions. According to Emissions Gap Report 2018, the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions show no signs of peaking which would help to limit the global warming.
The global bio fuels market is projected to grow at a high rate during the forecast period due to the renewability of biodiesel. According to WBA Global Bioenergy Statistics 2018, published by World Bioenergy Association, liquid biofuels especially biodiesel is the leading renewable solution for the transport sector as it would lead to environment friendly use of biofuels in the transportation sector. For instance, In 2016, 3.43 Exa Joule (EJ) of biofuels was used in the transport sector accounting for 3% of the share in the total energy use in transport sector.
Increasing use of crude glycerin from biodiesel production would act as an opportunity for bio fuels market, as crude glycerin can be used for multiple purposes uses such as for freeze protection for coal, and as a dust suppressant. However, Insufficient availability of all types of feedstocks such as algae, starch, and sugar would hinder the market growth, as all the feedstocks does not possess the same performance concern for the market.
Key players in the bio fuels market such as Archer Daniels Midland Company, Aceites Manuelita S.A., INEOS Group AG are actively focusing on signing contracts and agreements with utilities and industries to supply bio fuels. Moreover, in 2018, Archer Daniels Midland Company signed a contract with DuPont Industrial Biosciences to develop, produce and market cellulase enzymes which consists mostly of cellulose, one of the feedstock types of bio fuel market. This agreement would bring together substantial resources and bring new innovations to bio fuels market.
The global bio fuels market has been segmented based on fuel type, feedstock type, and region. On the basis of fuel type, the global market is segmented into biodiesel and ethanol. The ethanol segment is expected to dominate in the market, worldwide. This is due to increasing demand for bioethanol as automobile fuel due to their environment-friendly characteristic to mitigate greenhouse gas emission.
On the basis of feedstock type, the global market is divided into first, second, and third generation. The first generation segment is estimated to register the higher growth during the forecast period. This is because it contains less saturated fat that makes it easy to process, thus reducing the overall manufacturing cost. Furthermore, the feedstock required to manufacture vegetable oils is more easily available as compared to cellulosic and algae.
The global bio fuels market is expected to grow at ~5.10% CAGR during the forecast period.
Mooktzeng Lim
Christophe Len
Mahesh P. Joshi
Rozzeta Dolah
Surajit Mondal
Jigna G. Tank
Izabela Czekaj
Danaiah Puli
Abdul Majeed Khan
Rashi Vishwakarma